培安¶
京城南边有一条小巷，巷子深处有一家不起眼的昆曲传习所。传习所里供着一张照片：二十六岁的许培安，扮杜丽娘，水袖一甩，眼睛里全是戏。照片底下一行小字，是民国某年某月某次曲会的评语——"情之所钟，正在我辈"。凭这一句，许培安得了一个封号，叫"南许"。从那以后，所有人只喊他"许老"，再后来连"许老"也省了，只剩"南许"两个字，像一枚印章，盖在他头上，一盖就是四十年。
许培安七十二岁那年冬天，传习所的墙皮开始往下掉。年轻人一个一个不学了，徒弟也散了，只剩一个工友老赵，帮他烧水、看门。许培安每天早晨泡一壶茶，坐在那张照片底下的藤椅里，等人。其实已经没有人来了。
有一天，传习所里来了一个年轻女人，叫苏宛，是市文化馆派来做口述史的。她背一个帆布包，包里塞着录音笔、笔记本、一台小相机。她进来先看见那张照片——二十六岁的许培安，杜丽娘——然后才看见椅子上的老人。
"许老。"她坐下来，打开本子，规规矩矩。
许培安点点头，问她要喝什么茶。苏宛说不渴。她开始按表提问——一九五几年拜师，一九五几年登台，一九五几年得到"南许"那个封号。问得齐整，问得正确，问得许培安几乎打瞌睡。
第三天，许培安不肯再说戏里的事了。
"我十六岁那年，"他忽然开口，眼睛没看苏宛，看着窗外的枣树，"我妈死了。我爹是个木匠，家里穷。有一天我把棉袄拿去当了，换了一双布鞋，走进城去考科班。考的时候主考老师问我叫什么，我说我叫培安。"
"培安。"苏宛在本子上记下来，顿了一下。
"我爹起的名。培是培土，安是安稳。我爹一辈子没安稳过一天，他给我起这个名，是想我能安稳。"
苏宛抬起头来。她在大学里听过太多老人讲故事，每一个都按年代、按作品、按奖项归过类。这是头一回，一个老人给她讲名字。一个名字。
到第十天傍晚，他们坐在传习所院子里喝茶。许培安忽然说："你今天怎么不问我问题？"
苏宛笑了一下："我不想问了。"
"为什么？"
"因为我现在不是在做一个口述史了。"
许培安看着她，半天没说话。
"许老，"苏宛慢慢说，"我今天想叫您一声培安。"
许培安愣住了。
"你叫我什么？"
"培安。"她又叫了一声，"您讲您爹给您起这个名的时候，我突然觉得——我一直在跟'南许'说话，没跟您说话。您说是不是？"
许培安半天没出声。院子里很安静，隔壁老赵家里电视开着，传过来一段京剧过门，像一条很细的河，从他们中间流过去。
"我娘活着的时候叫我培安，"他最后说，"我爹也叫我培安。我师父叫我培安。我师父死后，再没人叫过了。"他笑了一下，那笑里头有四十年的东西，"你这一声，是四十年里头头一回。"
"那您叫我什么？"苏宛问。
"叫什么呢？"
"您叫我苏宛就行。"
"苏宛。"他试着叫了一声。
苏宛听见"苏宛"两个字从他嘴里出来，眼眶忽然红了。她也说不清为什么。
"我以前在文化馆做过一个老木匠的访谈，"她慢慢说，"做完之后，老人拉着我的手说，'小苏，你再坐一会儿。'他也不知道为什么，我也不知道为什么。今天我才明白——他是想让我叫他名字，不是叫他'老木匠'。是我没给他机会。"
许培安慢慢点了一下头。
"我跟'南许'过了四十年，"他说，"我差点忘了，我本来叫培安。"
后来苏宛没有按文化馆的要求做口述史。她回了一趟市里，写了一份很短的报告，题目是《许培安口述：培安二字》。她没写许老，没写南许，没写那些封号。她写了许培安。
许培安还在传习所里坐着。但有一点变了——他早晨泡完茶，会站到门口，站一小会儿，看看巷子。看什么他也不说。
苏宛有一回到巷子里来，看见他站着，问他在看什么。
"在看枣树，"他说，"我不知道它明年会不会结枣。"
苏宛也抬头看了看那棵枣树。叶子快掉光了，枝桠一枝一枝支在灰白的天空里。
"我也不知道，"她说，"但您可以等。"
许培安笑了。这一笑，跟他扮杜丽娘时的笑，是同一张脸，又是完全不同的脸。
原文定义¶
If finite players acquire titles from winning their games, we must say of infinite players that they have nothing but their names.
Names, like titles, are given. Persons cannot name themselves any more than they can entitle themselves. However, unlike titles, which are given for what a person has done, a name is given at birth—at a time when a person cannot yet have done anything. Titles are given at the end of play, names at the beginning.
When a person is known by title, the attention is on a completed past, on a game already concluded, and not therefore to be played again. A title effectively takes a person out of play.
When a person is known only by name, the attention of others is on an open future. We simply cannot know what to expect. Whenever we address each other by name we ignore all scripts, and open the possibility that our relationship will become deeply reciprocal. That I cannot now predict your future is exactly what makes mine unpredictable. Our futures enter into each other. We prepare each other for surprise.
Titles are abstractions; names are always concrete.
It can happen that when persons are distinctly identified as winners their names can have the force of titles. We sometimes act "to clear our name" of aspersions, or to defend the "good name of our family." Names can even become titles in the formal sense, such as "Caesar," or "Napoleon," or "the name of Jesus which is above every name." When Jesus is regarded by way of a title instead of a name, he becomes an abstracted, theatrical role, a person with whom we can share no future, rather a Master Player in whose future we live in a manner that has already been scripted, or decided, for us.
对应点¶
| 故事元素 | 原文概念 |
|---|---|
| "南许"这一封号盖在许培安头上四十年 | finite player 获得 title——赢得比赛后被加封 |
| 没人再叫许培安的本名，只叫"南许" | 当一个人以 title 而非名字被认识，title 把他"out of play"——从 play 中拿出来 |
| 照片上二十六岁杜丽娘水袖一甩，是封存的过去 | title 把注意力引向 "a completed past, on a game already concluded" |
| 苏宛按表问"一九五几年得到封号"，许培安差点打瞌睡 | title 是抽象的、完成的、不可重玩的——访谈很快流于形式 |
| 许培安讲他爹给他起名"培安"那一刻，苏宛抬起头 | 名字 given at birth——关于"a person cannot yet have done anything"的开放起点 |
| 苏宛说"我一直在跟'南许'说话，没跟您说话" | Titles are abstractions; names are always concrete——她察觉到了这个差别 |
| 许培安"我娘死后，再没人叫过我了" | 名字把人留在 play 内，title 把人带出 play；名字的开放性随着称呼的消失而消失 |
| 苏宛叫"培安"，许培安也叫"苏宛" | addressing each other by name "open the possibility that our relationship will become deeply reciprocal" |
| 老人想让她叫名字，她没给机会——那种错失 | name vs title 的差别平时看不见；错失就错失了 |
| 苏宛报告题目《许培安口述：培安二字》 | 整篇口述史把 title "南许" 还原为具体的名字 "培安"——names are always concrete |
| 许培安不知枣树明年会不会结枣，"但您可以等" | 名字打开 open future——"we prepare each other for surprise" |
| 扮杜丽娘的笑 vs 听她叫"培安"后的笑 | theatrical role（title 化的脸）vs 一个被叫了名字的人的脸——同一张脸，不同的存在方式 |
📝 来源：Finite and Infinite Games · Section 25